A workout two days after a race?

It depends.

A 'race' is just another hard workout.  For some, they may be content to 'train through' a race.  This can be leading up and/or following the race.  Eventually, they need enough recovery to absorb the work they do.  But just because one did a race does not necessarily mean that some extra recovery needs to be done.  Really, this is all very individual as it depends on relative intensity and level of fitness.  If you are ready to do a hard workout two days later, go ahead and do it.  It may mean you didn't push the race as hard as you could have.  Or it may just mean that the workload of that race was not that high relative to your fitness level.  But if the race was particularly hard for you, then it probably makes sense to take it a little easier and recover more.

This ↑, is what it sounds like to me.

boom.

If your race/workout was too hard and you need another day, take it. However, don't take an entire week or so off, you'll lose those cardio gains.

Then listen to your body and don't worry about it. If these guys are running that fast they are great athletes and their bodies probably recover faster as well

I think, as others have said, it's dependent upon the athlete. I've built up enough of a base that I'm able to train pretty soon after a race. I did a half marathon a few weeks ago, then a 60+ mile ride the next day. The ride wasn't at the usual power level for that ride, but I felt ok.

When I did a half marathon a few years ago on very little training, I was sore for over a week, after the recent HM I was fine the next day due to routine 12+ hour weeks of training. For those runners putting in 80+ mile weeks (I'd imagine someone in sub 1:10 shape would be at this mileage), returning to speed work after a day or two is probably quite routine.