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2006-08-14 8:23 PM

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Subject: Obesity Microbes

When I read the "Fattism" thread, I hadn't yet seen this:

http://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/13/magazine/13obesity.html?pagewanted=1&ei=5087%0A&en=819a7adcfba818e1&ex=1155700800

It's an article from the New York Times Magazine about the work of some researchers who believe that microbes in the bodies of obese people are at least partially responsible for their propensity to hang onto extra weight.  The article is LONG... a couple of snips relevant to the "Fattism" topic are below.  There's a lot more about the studies on which the theory is based -- definitely worth a read.

***

Of the trillions and trillions of cells in a typical human body — at least 10 times as many cells in a single individual as there are stars in the Milky Way — only about 1 in 10 is human. The other 90 percent are microbial.

***

In its Borglike way, the microflora assumes an extraordinary array of functions on our behalf — functions that we couldn’t manage on our own. It helps create the capillaries that line and nourish the intestines. It produces vitamins, in particular thiamine, pyroxidine and vitamin K. It provides the enzymes necessary to metabolize cholesterol and bile acid. It digests complex plant polysaccharides, the fiber found in grains, fruits and vegetables that would otherwise be indigestible.

And it helps extract calories from the food we eat and helps store those calories in fat cells for later use — which gives them, in effect, a role in determining whether our diets will make us fat or thin.

***

Gordon likes to explain his hypothesis of what gut microbes do by talking about Cheerios. The cereal box says that a one-cup serving contains 110 calories. But it may be that not everyone will extract 110 calories from a cup of Cheerios. Some may extract more, some less, depending on the particular combination of microbes in their guts. “A diet has a certain amount of absolute energy,” he said. “But the amount that can be extracted from that diet may vary between individuals — not in a huge way, but if the energy balance is affected by just a few calories a day, over time that can make a big difference in body weight.”

***

Current public-health messages deny this harsh reality. They make losing weight sound easy, just a simple matter of doing the math and applying some willpower. A pound of fat contains 3,500 calories, government documents say, and if you cut down a week’s worth of food intake or increase exercise by a total of 3,500 calories, then, voilà — you lose a pound. “To lose weight, you must use more energy than you take in,” states the Web site of the Office of the Surgeon General. “A difference of one 12-oz. soda (150 calories) or 30 minutes of brisk walking most days can add or subtract approximately 10 pounds to your weight each year.”

But if genes or viral infection or gut microflora are involved, then for some people 3,500 calories might not equal a pound of fat, and 150 fewer calories a day might not mean they’ll lose 10 pounds in a year. As scientists continue to investigate how obese people are different, we can only hope that a side benefit will be a more largehearted understanding of what it means to be fat and how hard it is to try to become, and to remain, less fat.

 

 



Edited by CitySky 2006-08-14 8:25 PM


2006-08-14 10:52 PM
in reply to: #511635

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Subject: RE: Obesity Microbes
This guy sounds like a quack. Evidently he failed Physics 101 and hasn't heard of conservation of energy.
2006-08-14 11:54 PM
in reply to: #511635

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Subject: RE: Obesity Microbes

I have some problems with this article. I'm not crazy about the "faceless, clueless government is misleading the world" tone. The figures he's citing are based on solid science, they're not pulled out of the air by some clueless bureaucrat. It's the stuff of jr. high class projects. The caloric deficit an individual has to run to lose one pound is very easily determined by tracking weight and calories consumed on a daily basis for a couple weeks. I doubt many people would have a variance greater than 5% from 3500 calories.

Of course there are all kinds of factors involved. For some people it's medications, for others weight gain is secondary to another health problem. For others it's an injury that suddenly limits their mobility leaving them with a lot of free time and the same appetite. For others it's a personal tragedy, or maybe a long bout of depression that leads to a period of overeating. For some it's a family and social environment that makes being overweight more acceptable than being fit. For some it's just a matter of being too lazy to not go to McDonalds every day. And for some, their metabolism and internal microbial environments are probably obstacles as stated in the article. For most people it's probably a complicated mix of some or all of those reasons and more. The human body is endlessly varied and complex in it's subtle variations.

Current public-health messages deny this harsh reality. They make losing weight sound easy, just a simple matter of doing the math and applying some willpower.

What "Current public-health messages" are these? The article makes it sound like all of them. I've never heard one that claimed this. I don't think I've ever read or heard a single message advocating weight loss that didn't recognize that it's hard, except for infomercials and blurbs on the covers of magazines at the supermarket checkout.

The writer does a disservice with this oversimplified message. Anyone who's tried to lose weight knows it's hard. Anyone who's ever researched it or has watched a friend or family member struggle with obesity knows it's hard. There are many causes, and it's a complicated subject. It's personal responsibility, public health, environment, personal relationships, mental and emotional health and more.

Obesity is increasing at a frightening rate in this country. Is he suggesting that a microbial population explosion in American intestines is responsible?

And as the article states, the primary source and expert cited stands to make a lot of money by pushing this theory.

Our civilization has spent the past couple centuries trying to increase the caloric resources available to us and to reduce the amount of physical work the average person needs to do on a daily basis. All of a sudden in the last few decades we succeeded beyond previous generations imaginations. Unfortunately it was with calorically dense but nutritionally sparse foods, a service economy and no personal exercise machine out of the Jetsons. These things are not going to change. Our economy just works this way.

The cause of the sudden rise of obesity in American society is not a government cover up about the microbes in our digestive systems and the solution is not this guys $450 antibody test.

Maybe I'm being overly cynical but it'll be hard to get me to endorse anything beyond diet, excercise, education, support, compassion, and encouragement for preventing and reversing obesity in most people.

2006-08-15 6:58 AM
in reply to: #511775

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Runner
Subject: RE: Obesity Microbes
Hey Marma, keep in mind the source here: the New York Times. Not exactly the pinnacle of medical journalism, or any form of journalism (at least in my opinion, which counts for a lot, you know).

This article is giving those who don't want to lose weight another excuse not to.
2006-08-15 8:16 AM
in reply to: #511635

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Subject: RE: Obesity Microbes

Did you read the article?  The parts are snipped may be out of context.

 

Basically, the author outlines the various experiments (simplified example:  give a certain virus to mice and they get fat)  and does describe the theory as something certainly on the fringes of science, something that other scientists dismiss as you have.

 But anyway, I found it pretty intriguing.  There ARE people - not all overweight people, but some - who, when given a diet that is supposed to "maintain" their current weight, GAIN weight rapidly.  In other words, they use FEWER calories more effeciently.  There is a certain BTer who went through this with a nutritionist -- she gave BTer a nutrition plan with X number of calories based on BTer's BMR and level of activity (BTer was ironman training at the time), and the athlete's weight quickly shot up.  This was a person who had already lost significant weight tri training; in other words, someone with a propensity towards obesity -- for WHATEVER reason. 

Some of the examples in the article reminded me of that.  That's all.  It's an interesting read, it got me thinking.  (Watch out for reading, it can do that to you. )

 

2006-08-15 8:26 AM
in reply to: #511897

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Runner
Subject: RE: Obesity Microbes
CitySky - 2006-08-15 9:16 AM

Did you read the article? The parts are snipped may be out of context.

Basically, the author outlines the various experiments (simplified example: give a certain virus to mice and they get fat) and does describe the theory as something certainly on the fringes of science, something that other scientists dismiss as you have.

But anyway, I found it pretty intriguing. There ARE people - not all overweight people, but some - who, when given a diet that is supposed to "maintain" their current weight, GAIN weight rapidly. In other words, they use FEWER calories more effeciently. There is a certain BTer who went through this with a nutritionist -- she gave BTer a nutrition plan with X number of calories based on BTer's BMR and level of activity (BTer was ironman training at the time), and the athlete's weight quickly shot up. This was a person who had already lost significant weight tri training; in other words, someone with a propensity towards obesity -- for WHATEVER reason.

Some of the examples in the article reminded me of that. That's all. It's an interesting read, it got me thinking. (Watch out for reading, it can do that to you. )



I'm not necessarily denying it, but I would think that there are few cases where this is the case. Besides, different diets work differently for people in general. Some lose more weight faster using a low carb diet than others. Nutrition in general is fairly personal.


2006-08-15 12:26 PM
in reply to: #511635

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Subject: RE: Obesity Microbes
I'm a microbiologist- I love stuff like this.  i havent read the article but am going to print it.  i'll post any comments later! yippeeeeee something nerdy for me to read (let me adjust my glasses and grab my pocket protector!)
2006-08-15 12:31 PM
in reply to: #511635

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Science Nerd
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Subject: RE: Obesity Microbes

Similar thread in the Triing for Weightloss forum:

http://www.beginnertriathlete.com/discussion/forums/thread-view.asp?tid=51837&posts=4&start=1

From my perspective (microbiology), the parts of the article pasted aren't really the most interesting.  And, the writer of the article doesn't do that great of a job.  It'll be interesting to see if any of the data get published.

2006-08-15 4:30 PM
in reply to: #511635

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Subject: RE: Obesity Microbes
The only publication I could find about bacteria was a study demonstrating that a strain of Lactobacillus could DECREASE obesity in diet-induced obese mice.
However, I found the following paper on viruses and a link to obesity (interesting since the implicated viruses are primarily respiratory in nature, but can cause gastrointestinal effects)

Przegl Lek. 2005;62(9):916-8.
[Can obesity be infectious?][Article in Polish]
Adrych K.
Klinika Gastroenterologii i Hepatologii, Instytutu Chorob Wewnetrznych, Akademii Medycznej w Gdansku. [email protected]

Currently the presence of obesity is increasing and it has become the basic civilisation illness of our times. Up to date no attention has been paid to the possibility of etiology of infectious obesity. Recently some publications have appeared whose authors suggest a possibility of an infectious derivation of some forms of obesity. Six pathogens causing obesity in animals have been described: canine distemper virus (CDV), avian adenovirus, Borna disease virus (BDV), SMAM-1, human adenovirus Ad-36, scrapie agent, Rous-associated virus-7 (RAV-7). Among them two viruses occur in humans: human adenovirus Ad-36 and avian adenovirus SMAM-1.

Interesting idea but the NYT article was "fluffy".
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