BT Development Mentor Program Archives » BamaDC's mentor group is Closed! Rss Feed  
Moderators: alicefoeller Reply
 
 
of 52
 
 
2010-09-02 9:30 AM
in reply to: #3077623

User image

Master
2301
2000100100100
Rogersville, Alabama
Subject: RE: BamaDC's mentor group is Closed!
sand101 - 2010-09-01 11:02 PM
BamaDC - 2010-09-01 6:09 PM I just signed up for the Mercedes Marathon!  Boston or Bust!

For you Bama boys, early registration ends on the 5th.


Mercedes is a hard qualifier.  Why not Huntsville?

---

Another day in which I did squat.  Business travel.  On the other hand I did stand the the airport security line with Alice Cooper.  That man has led a hard life.



According to mapmyrun.com Mercedes only has 150ish feet more elevation gain.

Huntsville is too soon.  With Mercedes I'll be able able to go through a 18 week training plan.  And I've got a few nagging injuries to take care of.

Its also cold as balls in Huntsville, in December.  The weather in Birmingham, in February is much better.


2010-09-02 9:48 AM
in reply to: #3077724

User image

Master
2301
2000100100100
Rogersville, Alabama
Subject: RE: BamaDC's mentor group is Closed!
cornfed - 2010-09-02 5:31 AM
sand101 - 2010-09-02 12:08 AM
cornfed - 2010-09-01 8:51 PM

If I use my average minus 5% (the Coggan method) I get 302.  If I use Jorge's method I get 310.  It still doesn't make sense to me that a higher 5 minute average would mean my FTP would be lower.


I have to doubt these numbers.  If your FTP is ~300 you are in the 26mph range for a typical sprint tri ride.  Those kind of numbers will have you winning the bike leg at most tris.


It does seem a little high to me too.   I attached a screen shot from WKO but I can send you the power file if anyone is interested. 

Do you you think my PT isn't calibrated or is it something else?  Keep in mind that I'm almost 210 lbs so that really only 3.1 W/kg which doesn't seem that high.



Temperature change can mess with power meters.  Do you store your bike outside, then ride inside? 
 
If your PM was subjected to a big temp change then the data could be a little off.  If it wasn't, then the data is correct.  My FTP is between 270 and 280 watts and I'm currently a wide load at 76.3 KG.  That puts me at 3.6 W/kg. 

2010-09-02 9:54 AM
in reply to: #3077431

User image

Master
2301
2000100100100
Rogersville, Alabama
Subject: RE: BamaDC's mentor group is Closed!
cornfed - 2010-09-01 8:51 PM
BamaDC - 2010-09-01 7:02 PM
cornfed - 2010-09-01 1:47 PM
BamaDC - 2010-09-01 12:03 PM
cornfed - 2010-09-01 8:00 AM So I did the FTP test last night.  Pretty much sucked.  I used the from Coggan's book.  It was

20 min warm up
3 x 1 min (w/ 1 minute recovery) at high RPM (> 100)
5 minute recovery
5 minute "all out" (VO2max intensity)
10 minute recovery
20 minute "time trial"
10 minute cool down

Overall I felt good about the test.  My pacing during the 5 min VO2max interval was pretty bad.  Started out too fast, dropped down, speed up, etc.  I did much better during the TT part.  I started a little slower then I thought I could go then built slow throughout and tried to kick it up at the end.  I don't feel like I left a lot (if any) in the tank when I was done.  One of the interesting things I noticed is that my cadence generally really high.  I was spinning around 110-115 during the high RPM intervals and 95-105 during the TT part. 

I pulled the average power form the time trail portion, subtracted 5% and called that my FTP.  Should I be looking at anything else?  



When I do formal testing I use the 20min + 5 min, critical power formula.  Its the method JorgeM uses in his winter cycling plans. 

http://www.jorgepbmcoaching.blogspot.com/



That's seems a little strange.  Why do you subtract your 5 minute power?  It seems like the better my 5 min power is the worse my 60 minute/FTP will be.  That seems counter intuitive to me.



Did you plug in your wattage from your test?


If I use my average minus 5% (the Coggan method) I get 302.  If I use Jorge's method I get 310.  It still doesn't make sense to me that a higher 5 minute average would mean my FTP would be lower.


I'm not sure, but that's what the physiologist came up with.  I personally just like using this method.

 When I was using Coggan's method I was toast for a few days after the test.  Using the CP test the all out intervals are separated by a day.  And I can make them part of a interval workout.
2010-09-02 9:56 AM
in reply to: #3076566

User image

Master
2301
2000100100100
Rogersville, Alabama
Subject: RE: BamaDC's mentor group is Closed!
LostSheep - 2010-09-01 2:17 PM They're no disk, or powertap, or hed's, but I just put these (very similar) on the bike and it looks BEAUTIFUL!



The LBS rented me a pair of Specialized Dupont TriSpokes for this weekend's race and it should be fun!

The only thing, there's no magnet for the wheel. So, how do I hook up the magnet from my other wheels to these trispokes?



One day I'm going to buy an extra HED 3 Rear and do this project.

The link will take you to slowtwitch.


Edited by BamaDC 2010-09-02 9:56 AM
2010-09-02 10:06 AM
in reply to: #3078208

User image

Extreme Veteran
1005
1000
Sykesville
Subject: RE: BamaDC's mentor group is Closed!
BamaDC - 2010-09-02 10:48 AM

Temperature change can mess with power meters.  Do you store your bike outside, then ride inside? 
 
If your PM was subjected to a big temp change then the data could be a little off.  If it wasn't, then the data is correct.  My FTP is between 270 and 280 watts and I'm currently a wide load at 76.3 KG.  That puts me at 3.6 W/kg. 



It was in the garage then I moved it down to the trainer in the basement for the test.  I checked the calibration (zero reading while coasting) before the starting in it seemed fine.  I guess I could leave the bike in the basement to acclimate then retest.  I'm not really inclined to do so for two reasons.  One, the watts/kg seem reasonable.  I've only been training for a few months and it's be somewhat unfocused.  Second, looking at the data I've collected and trying to "eyeball" and FTP the distribution seems to rolloff around 290-300.  Do you guys think I need to retest?
2010-09-02 10:21 AM
in reply to: #3078265

User image

Master
2301
2000100100100
Rogersville, Alabama
Subject: RE: BamaDC's mentor group is Closed!
cornfed - 2010-09-02 10:06 AM
BamaDC - 2010-09-02 10:48 AM

Temperature change can mess with power meters.  Do you store your bike outside, then ride inside? 
 
If your PM was subjected to a big temp change then the data could be a little off.  If it wasn't, then the data is correct.  My FTP is between 270 and 280 watts and I'm currently a wide load at 76.3 KG.  That puts me at 3.6 W/kg. 



It was in the garage then I moved it down to the trainer in the basement for the test.  I checked the calibration (zero reading while coasting) before the starting in it seemed fine.  I guess I could leave the bike in the basement to acclimate then retest.  I'm not really inclined to do so for two reasons.  One, the watts/kg seem reasonable.  I've only been training for a few months and it's be somewhat unfocused.  Second, looking at the data I've collected and trying to "eyeball" and FTP the distribution seems to rolloff around 290-300.  Do you guys think I need to retest?


No,  go with the 300 watts. 


2010-09-02 10:25 AM
in reply to: #3078311

User image

Extreme Veteran
1005
1000
Sykesville
Subject: RE: BamaDC's mentor group is Closed!
BamaDC - 2010-09-02 11:21 AM
cornfed - 2010-09-02 10:06 AM
BamaDC - 2010-09-02 10:48 AM

Temperature change can mess with power meters.  Do you store your bike outside, then ride inside? 
 
If your PM was subjected to a big temp change then the data could be a little off.  If it wasn't, then the data is correct.  My FTP is between 270 and 280 watts and I'm currently a wide load at 76.3 KG.  That puts me at 3.6 W/kg. 



It was in the garage then I moved it down to the trainer in the basement for the test.  I checked the calibration (zero reading while coasting) before the starting in it seemed fine.  I guess I could leave the bike in the basement to acclimate then retest.  I'm not really inclined to do so for two reasons.  One, the watts/kg seem reasonable.  I've only been training for a few months and it's be somewhat unfocused.  Second, looking at the data I've collected and trying to "eyeball" and FTP the distribution seems to rolloff around 290-300.  Do you guys think I need to retest?


No,  go with the 300 watts. 


That's what I wanted to hear.  Doing that test sucked!
2010-09-02 2:08 PM
in reply to: #3075308

User image

Master
2301
2000100100100
Rogersville, Alabama
Subject: RE: BamaDC's mentor group is Closed!
titeloops - 2010-09-01 7:41 AM Here's my August. How'd you guys do?

August's totals:
Bike:25h 15m 18s  - 454.99 Mi
Run:13h 21m 31s  - 81.25 Mi
Swim:10h 14m 43s  - 29087.23 Yd


How are you feeling about your training?  Have you had any of those; "Oh $hit, why am I doing this" moments?

Edited by BamaDC 2010-09-02 2:09 PM
2010-09-02 2:32 PM
in reply to: #3079017

User image

Expert
1066
10002525
Raleigh
Subject: RE: BamaDC's mentor group is Closed!
BamaDC - 2010-09-02 2:08 PM
titeloops - 2010-09-01 7:41 AM Here's my August. How'd you guys do?

August's totals:
Bike:25h 15m 18s  - 454.99 Mi
Run:13h 21m 31s  - 81.25 Mi
Swim:10h 14m 43s  - 29087.23 Yd


How are you feeling about your training?  Have you had any of those; "Oh $hit, why am I doing this" moments?




Feeling like I'm in pretty good HIM shape, and not sure how the hell I'm gonna race the FIM. Had the Oh $hit moment this morning. Maybe you guys can help me diagnose this mornings long run fail. Last Thursday I did a 13 mile run for my LSR as called for in my program. I managed 10:00 min pace, not fast, but I ran the whole way, no walking, and I felt pretty good. Or as good as you can feel at mile 11 of a half mary. Todays plan was for a 15 miler. Temps were just a tad warmer than last week, time of day was the same. I weighed 168.4 before I started the run. Ate a GU before the run and headed out with the fuel belt full with 4, 8oz bottles. 2 were water and 2 were a light infinit mix. The exact same as last week. At mile 7 I reached my water fountain in the park where I ate another GU and refilled all 4 bottles. I was an hour and 5 minutes in at mile 7. I felt great. ran til mile 10, felt great. Then at mile 11 BAM, I was toast. Had to walk for about 60 seconds. Started to run and made it to mile 12 but was struggling. Felt extremely nautious.(sp) By mile 13 I was back to my water fountain in the park. 4 empty bottles. Refiiled and slammed another GU. was hard cause I felt like puking. Headed out for the last 2 miles and just coulbn't do it. Stopped before mile 14 as I was basically running 1 minute then walking 1 miunte. I was just done. Got home and I weighed 165.3. Not sure what happened. I ate and hydrated the exact same as last week. I drank 8, 8 oz bottles of fluid and slurped at the water fountain as well so prolly 80 oz at least. Any idea's? Need to HTFU?


More questions for you Mark. if this sort of thing happens in my marathon, whats the best tactic. I hate to stop and walk, cause it's so much harder to start back. But, this morning I had no choice. Think it's best to run walk or just walk for a mile or so and see if you start to feels better?

Edited by titeloops 2010-09-02 2:43 PM
2010-09-02 2:36 PM
in reply to: #2781196

User image

Master
2301
2000100100100
Rogersville, Alabama
Subject: RE: BamaDC's mentor group is Closed!
Did you eat breakfast?
2010-09-02 2:47 PM
in reply to: #3079105

User image

Expert
1066
10002525
Raleigh
Subject: RE: BamaDC's mentor group is Closed!
Nope, just a GU. But I never do eat breakfast. Prolly not smart, but i have a hard time getting anything down in the mornings.


2010-09-02 3:20 PM
in reply to: #3078311

User image

Master
2372
20001001001002525
Subject: RE: BamaDC's mentor group is Closed!
BamaDC - 2010-09-02 10:21 AM
cornfed - 2010-09-02 10:06 AM
BamaDC - 2010-09-02 10:48 AM

Temperature change can mess with power meters.  Do you store your bike outside, then ride inside? 
 
If your PM was subjected to a big temp change then the data could be a little off.  If it wasn't, then the data is correct.  My FTP is between 270 and 280 watts and I'm currently a wide load at 76.3 KG.  That puts me at 3.6 W/kg. 



It was in the garage then I moved it down to the trainer in the basement for the test.  I checked the calibration (zero reading while coasting) before the starting in it seemed fine.  I guess I could leave the bike in the basement to acclimate then retest.  I'm not really inclined to do so for two reasons.  One, the watts/kg seem reasonable.  I've only been training for a few months and it's be somewhat unfocused.  Second, looking at the data I've collected and trying to "eyeball" and FTP the distribution seems to rolloff around 290-300.  Do you guys think I need to retest?


No,  go with the 300 watts. 


I didn't realize you were a linebacker!  For a guy of your size 300 is pretty reasonable.

All I can say, though, is you should KILL flat courses (and probably struggle a bit on hilly courses).  You are putting out craploads of raw power.

BTW, your power comes in right at the crossover between Cat 4 and Cat 5 on the chart I have.  That is nothing to sniff at!

Edited by sand101 2010-09-02 3:25 PM
2010-09-02 3:39 PM
in reply to: #3079229

User image

Master
2301
2000100100100
Rogersville, Alabama
Subject: RE: BamaDC's mentor group is Closed!
sand101 - 2010-09-02 3:20 PM
BamaDC - 2010-09-02 10:21 AM
cornfed - 2010-09-02 10:06 AM
BamaDC - 2010-09-02 10:48 AM

Temperature change can mess with power meters.  Do you store your bike outside, then ride inside? 
 
If your PM was subjected to a big temp change then the data could be a little off.  If it wasn't, then the data is correct.  My FTP is between 270 and 280 watts and I'm currently a wide load at 76.3 KG.  That puts me at 3.6 W/kg. 



It was in the garage then I moved it down to the trainer in the basement for the test.  I checked the calibration (zero reading while coasting) before the starting in it seemed fine.  I guess I could leave the bike in the basement to acclimate then retest.  I'm not really inclined to do so for two reasons.  One, the watts/kg seem reasonable.  I've only been training for a few months and it's be somewhat unfocused.  Second, looking at the data I've collected and trying to "eyeball" and FTP the distribution seems to rolloff around 290-300.  Do you guys think I need to retest?


No,  go with the 300 watts. 


I didn't realize you were a linebacker!  For a guy of your size 300 is pretty reasonable.

All I can say, though, is you should KILL flat courses (and probably struggle a bit on hilly courses).  You are putting out craploads of raw power.

BTW, your power comes in right at the crossover between Cat 4 and Cat 5 on the chart I have.  That is nothing to sniff at!


Drew, how tall are you?




Edited by BamaDC 2010-09-02 3:39 PM
2010-09-02 11:48 PM
in reply to: #2781196

User image

Master
2372
20001001001002525
Subject: RE: BamaDC's mentor group is Closed!
Since three of you guys have just done Olys (and mine is coming in a week).  I know d.i.c.k about nutrition.  Assuming a 2:30 finish (probably not, but it can't hurt to think positive) how many calories should I consume on course and when?
2010-09-03 7:27 AM
in reply to: #2781196

User image

Master
2327
200010010010025
North Alabama
Subject: RE: BamaDC's mentor group is Closed!
Sand, I can at least give you my breakdown if it'll help.

Prerace - 2 granola bars, 1 cup coffee
15mins pre race - 1 gu

swim - lake water
bike - 1 aerobottle (20oz) water, 1 podium bottle (24oz) gatorade, 1 gu @ mile 18 (for the run)
run - alternated water/gatorade at the water stops

post - water, watermelon, & pizza

I was good and didn't have any issues.

Edited by LostSheep 2010-09-03 7:27 AM
2010-09-03 8:09 AM
in reply to: #3080092

User image

Expert
1310
1000100100100
Alabama
Subject: RE: BamaDC's mentor group is Closed!
LostSheep - 2010-09-03 7:27 AM Sand, I can at least give you my breakdown if it'll help.

Prerace - 2 granola bars, 1 cup coffee
15mins pre race - 1 gu

swim - lake water
bike - 1 aerobottle (20oz) water, 1 podium bottle (24oz) gatorade, 1 gu @ mile 18 (for the run)
run - alternated water/gatorade at the water stops

post - water, watermelon, & pizza

I was good and didn't have any issues.


I was pretty similar:

Prerace - 2 small Clif Bars, water
15mins pre race - 1 gu

swim - lake water (a lot)
bike - 1 aerobottle (20oz) water, 1 bottle (24oz) HEED, 1 extra Water bottle, 2 gu (1 @ mile 5, another at mile 22 (for the run)
run - alternated water/gatorade at the water stops

post - water, cookie, pizza

I was pretty good, may have had too much to drink on the bike, but I was trying to stay hydrated (which worked).  I didn't have any issues, but with much more hydration I could have.  I was out there for 3:10 also, so a little longer than you.

I would think something prerace (breakfast, water and a gu 15 mins prior), 2 bottles on the bike (water, sports drink), and maybe a gu or two on the bike should be good for you.  It may be a bit hotter for you next weekend at the gulf though, than Huntsville was.  The run course water/sports drink should be enough for the run.


2010-09-03 8:44 AM
in reply to: #3079291

User image

Extreme Veteran
1005
1000
Sykesville
Subject: RE: BamaDC's mentor group is Closed!
BamaDC - 2010-09-02 4:39 PM

Drew, how tall are you?


6' 1"

My weight has been fluctuating between 205 and 210 all summer.  I'd like to get down to 190 which would I figure would put me at 15% body fat.  That seems like a pretty reasonable goal but I just can buckle down and get there.   If I could I would be hauling a$$!
2010-09-03 8:45 AM
in reply to: #3079917

User image

Master
2301
2000100100100
Rogersville, Alabama
Subject: RE: BamaDC's mentor group is Closed!
sand101 - 2010-09-02 11:48 PM Since three of you guys have just done Olys (and mine is coming in a week).  I know d.i.c.k about nutrition.  Assuming a 2:30 finish (probably not, but it can't hurt to think positive) how many calories should I consume on course and when?



I had a 500-600 calorie breakfast at about 0445.
I sipped on a 24 oz bottle of Gatorade from 0530 to around 0700

Bike - about 10oz of Gatorade and half a aerobottle of water

Run - a cup of water at every aid station.

I drank alot less than normal, but it was 82 and very overcast on race day.
2010-09-03 8:46 AM
in reply to: #3079229

User image

Extreme Veteran
1005
1000
Sykesville
Subject: RE: BamaDC's mentor group is Closed!
sand101 - 2010-09-02 4:20 PM
BamaDC - 2010-09-02 10:21 AM
cornfed - 2010-09-02 10:06 AM
BamaDC - 2010-09-02 10:48 AM

Temperature change can mess with power meters.  Do you store your bike outside, then ride inside? 
 
If your PM was subjected to a big temp change then the data could be a little off.  If it wasn't, then the data is correct.  My FTP is between 270 and 280 watts and I'm currently a wide load at 76.3 KG.  That puts me at 3.6 W/kg. 



It was in the garage then I moved it down to the trainer in the basement for the test.  I checked the calibration (zero reading while coasting) before the starting in it seemed fine.  I guess I could leave the bike in the basement to acclimate then retest.  I'm not really inclined to do so for two reasons.  One, the watts/kg seem reasonable.  I've only been training for a few months and it's be somewhat unfocused.  Second, looking at the data I've collected and trying to "eyeball" and FTP the distribution seems to rolloff around 290-300.  Do you guys think I need to retest?


No,  go with the 300 watts. 


I didn't realize you were a linebacker!  For a guy of your size 300 is pretty reasonable.

All I can say, though, is you should KILL flat courses (and probably struggle a bit on hilly courses).  You are putting out craploads of raw power.

BTW, your power comes in right at the crossover between Cat 4 and Cat 5 on the chart I have.  That is nothing to sniff at!


Is my screen name starting to make a little more sense now?
2010-09-03 8:49 AM
in reply to: #3080258

User image

Master
2301
2000100100100
Rogersville, Alabama
Subject: RE: BamaDC's mentor group is Closed!
cornfed - 2010-09-03 8:44 AM
BamaDC - 2010-09-02 4:39 PM

Drew, how tall are you?


6' 1"

My weight has been fluctuating between 205 and 210 all summer.  I'd like to get down to 190 which would I figure would put me at 15% body fat.  That seems like a pretty reasonable goal but I just can buckle down and get there.   If I could I would be hauling a$$!


Yes you will. 


I've got to buckle down on my weight.  That's just as important as my training, while I'm prepping for February.
2010-09-03 8:51 AM
in reply to: #3080263

User image

Master
2301
2000100100100
Rogersville, Alabama
Subject: RE: BamaDC's mentor group is Closed!
cornfed - 2010-09-03 8:46 AM
sand101 - 2010-09-02 4:20 PM
BamaDC - 2010-09-02 10:21 AM
cornfed - 2010-09-02 10:06 AM
BamaDC - 2010-09-02 10:48 AM

Temperature change can mess with power meters.  Do you store your bike outside, then ride inside? 
 
If your PM was subjected to a big temp change then the data could be a little off.  If it wasn't, then the data is correct.  My FTP is between 270 and 280 watts and I'm currently a wide load at 76.3 KG.  That puts me at 3.6 W/kg. 



It was in the garage then I moved it down to the trainer in the basement for the test.  I checked the calibration (zero reading while coasting) before the starting in it seemed fine.  I guess I could leave the bike in the basement to acclimate then retest.  I'm not really inclined to do so for two reasons.  One, the watts/kg seem reasonable.  I've only been training for a few months and it's be somewhat unfocused.  Second, looking at the data I've collected and trying to "eyeball" and FTP the distribution seems to rolloff around 290-300.  Do you guys think I need to retest?


No,  go with the 300 watts. 


I didn't realize you were a linebacker!  For a guy of your size 300 is pretty reasonable.

All I can say, though, is you should KILL flat courses (and probably struggle a bit on hilly courses).  You are putting out craploads of raw power.

BTW, your power comes in right at the crossover between Cat 4 and Cat 5 on the chart I have.  That is nothing to sniff at!


Is my screen name starting to make a little more sense now?


Yes.

I'm in the same boat.  I've got thick shoulders and big thighs.


2010-09-03 8:54 AM
in reply to: #3079135

User image

Master
2301
2000100100100
Rogersville, Alabama
Subject: RE: BamaDC's mentor group is Closed!
titeloops - 2010-09-02 2:47 PM Nope, just a GU. But I never do eat breakfast. Prolly not smart, but i have a hard time getting anything down in the mornings.


You need to work on that! 

Before my IMs I would eat 600-800 calories.
2010-09-03 10:41 AM
in reply to: #3080299

User image

Expert
1066
10002525
Raleigh
Subject: RE: BamaDC's mentor group is Closed!
BamaDC - 2010-09-03 8:54 AM
titeloops - 2010-09-02 2:47 PM Nope, just a GU. But I never do eat breakfast. Prolly not smart, but i have a hard time getting anything down in the mornings.


You need to work on that! 

Before my IMs I would eat 600-800 calories.



Yeah, i know. Trying to train my body to eat at 5:00 am has been tough.

Another question. Looking at my 2 races, Augusta and B2B, what size cassette you think i should put on my wheel?
2010-09-03 10:58 AM
in reply to: #3080590

User image

Master
2301
2000100100100
Rogersville, Alabama
Subject: RE: BamaDC's mentor group is Closed!
titeloops - 2010-09-03 10:41 AM
BamaDC - 2010-09-03 8:54 AM
titeloops - 2010-09-02 2:47 PM Nope, just a GU. But I never do eat breakfast. Prolly not smart, but i have a hard time getting anything down in the mornings.


You need to work on that! 

Before my IMs I would eat 600-800 calories.



Yeah, i know. Trying to train my body to eat at 5:00 am has been tough.

Another question. Looking at my 2 races, Augusta and B2B, what size cassette you think i should put on my wheel?


What are you training with?
2010-09-03 1:15 PM
in reply to: #3080590

User image

Master
2372
20001001001002525
Subject: RE: BamaDC's mentor group is Closed!
titeloops - 2010-09-03 10:41 AM
BamaDC - 2010-09-03 8:54 AM
titeloops - 2010-09-02 2:47 PM Nope, just a GU. But I never do eat breakfast. Prolly not smart, but i have a hard time getting anything down in the mornings.


You need to work on that! 

Before my IMs I would eat 600-800 calories.



Yeah, i know. Trying to train my body to eat at 5:00 am has been tough.

Another question. Looking at my 2 races, Augusta and B2B, what size cassette you think i should put on my wheel?


I don't know about Augusta but B2B is supposed to be flatter than flat.  I'd think an 11-23 or even 11-21 would do there.
New Thread
BT Development Mentor Program Archives » BamaDC's mentor group is Closed! Rss Feed  
 
 
of 52